Criminological Research Topics Aims And Rationale Social Work Essay Essays

Criminological Research Topics Aims And Rationale Social Work Essay Essays Criminological Research Topics Aims And Rationale Social Work Essay Essay Criminological Research Topics Aims And Rationale Social Work Essay Essay The instance of Sabina Akthar is a tragic instance, which shows carelessness of the Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) . Sabina Akthar and Malik Mannan had married through arrange matrimony in Bangladesh. When Akthar found out that her hubby had a kept woman, jobs occurred in their matrimony. Akthar had faced domestic force from her hubby and as consequence made ailments to the constabulary. Mannan was arrested and about a month subsequently he was released on bond. Mannan s bond conditions included clauses such as ; he was non to reach his married woman or see her place. After Mannan had broken his bond conditions on several cases he was re-arrested. However on this juncture he was released without charge and besides his bond order was dropped. After Mannan was released he carried on directing Akthar text messages in which he threatened to kill her. Few yearss after these messages Mannan had stabbed Akthar from her bosom, which caused Akthar s decease. After t he immature adult female s decease the Crown Prosecutions Service accepted that they were negligent in the manner they have handled the instance and apologised to Sabina Akthar s household ( Guardian 2009 ) . The British Crime Survey s ( BCS ) measuring of the civilization consequence on domestic force is different to the constabulary statistics. Harmonizing to statistics the civilization consequence on domestic force plays an of import function here. The purpose of my research is to specify how civilization has an consequence on domestic force in the United Kingdom amongst the white ethnicity. Due to the experience I have gained through volunteering in the Coventry Refugee Centre I have gained knowledge about different states and the civilizations those states have. In the United Kingdom victims of domestic force are chiefly adult females and kids. For many adult females their place is where they suffer maltreatment at custodies of person who is truly close to them. Most victims of domestic force face long term physical and psychological amendss. The individual who abuses them does non give them any opportunity to do their ain determination ; hence after a while some victims believe that there is no manner out of their agonies and gives up on seeking to get away. This research seeks to find the impact of cultural consequence on domestic force in adult females and kids in United Kingdom. Cardinal literature Domestic force besides known and expressed as fie whipping or confidant spouse force normally coexists with kid maltreatment about half of the clip ( Hamel. J, Tonia L. Nicholls 2007 ) . Husbands who beat their married womans are much likely to use for lasting abode for their undocumented married womans than hubbies who do non crush their married womans. Therefore in-migration position appears to be another manner in which opprobrious hubbies control their married womans in the UK. Abusive hubbies frequently threaten their married womans with exile if they do non follow with the hubby s wants. Frequently undocumented abused married womans are afraid to collaborate with child protection governments for fright that their hubbies might revenge by turning them into in-migration governments. Womans who cooperate with probes of kid maltreatment and or domestic force have remarkably good entree to legal lasting residence but they are improbable to be cognizant of this. Battered immigrant ad ult females face several hindrances to seeking protection and services. These hindrances including linguistic communication barriers, negative perceptual experiences of the jurisprudence enforcement and legal system, fright of exile, cultural and spiritual issues and favoritism ( Gabriel 1994 ) . When it comes to the civilization consequence on domestic force Uganda has the highest offense rates of domestic force, 41 % of adult females reported being beaten or physically harmed by their hubbies. This can be related to the economic factors and conditions every bit good as different life manners and cultural fluctuation in Uganda. Harmonizing to the statistic the media has been considered one of many lending factors in domestic force. It has been criticized for its portraiture of force in films, telecasting and printed signifier ensuing in the desensitisation of people with respect to their tolerance of force. On the other manus the media has besides been used as a modern communicating tool in increasing public consciousness of domestic force and increasing support for ongoing research, funding instruction and bar and intervention plans and support for betterment in the Torahs the condemnable justness system and the public policy. The impact of income inequality and societal construction may besides make more domestic force towards adult females. Men s unemployment or portion clip employment has been associated with increased rates of domestic force. ( Natalie, Sokoloff and Pratt 2005 ) . Recent survey found that unemployment was a important forecaster of force. This suggests some work forces might comprehend employment as a critical constituent of their masculine individuality and resort to force as an attempt to recover lost position. Some surveies report that in-between category Asiatic adult females are more likely to see domestic force than white in-between category adult females among some cultural and racial minority groups are attributable in portion to poorness. Some research has suggested that the disagreement between employment and income topographic points adult females at hazard. When adult females earn more than work forces or have a higher instruction making and employment accomplishments, many work forces feel psychologically threatened and some use force to confirm power in their relationship. Many immigrants coming to England to happen a better life to populate for themselves and for their kids but the barriers the immigrant face are truly enormous. New civilization that they face every bit good as linguistic communication barriers their hubbies take advantage of this and get down adumbrating their spouse s that their hubbies may describe their positions to the UK in-migrations service. Different states and civilizations may hold their ain values and attitudes toward a adult female topographic point household, matrimony, sex functions and divorce and adult females may non detect that the domestic force is against the jurisprudence they may non cognize that they have the legal option to stop the opprobrious relationship. Domestic force can happen in households from all cultural and cultural group and beliefs and intercession policies and patterns in handling beat-up adult females should suit their diverse cultural backgrounds. The British Crime Survey statistics shows that one in five adult females has experienced domestic force in their life style and many of these adult females ended their relationship because of opprobrious relationship. . Harmonizing to the study shows that adult female chose to remain in opprobrious relationship because of fright if the adult females efforts to go forth they will be tracked down and crush or killed because of this the most adult females think that any prison clip would be impermanent and the subsequent and effects even worse. Methodology My research attack will reflect a subjectivism. I believe this position is most appropriate for my probe because people got their ain thoughts and it will be in subjectivism manner the consequence that I will acquire in the terminal it will non be based on one interview. My methodological analysis will be based on interviews, qualitative, subjectivism and interpretivism. Every interview that I will make will hold different position and different thoughts in it. I will be covering with human positions instead than stuffs. In order to complete my thesis I need to understand how adult females are expected to act within different civilizations, believes and faiths. For illustration as I have spent two old ages at the Coventry Refugee Centre as an translator and a instance worker this has given me a good cognition about diverse people and I understand their sentiments and feelings. Therefore I believe the experience that I have gained within that work environment will be really helpful to me while I am carry oning my interviews. To update my actual reappraisal I will besides utilize secondary informations. As my secondary informations resources I will utilize books and modern-day articles. This will enable me to widen my cognition and apprehension of the general theory facets on civilization consequence on domestic force. I will besides acquire some aid from the Coventry Refugee Centre by traveling on their web sites and besides by speak to them face to confront when needed. This secondary information will assist me to plan the interview inquiries in order to acquire the best replies. For my research I will besides make face to confront semi-structured interviews to understand the consequence of civilization on domestic force. I will besides utilize internet hunts. I have applied to volunteer within the victim support strategy. I am trusting that the experience I will derive from this work arrangement will give me the chance to happen out more information about victims of domestic force which will assist to complete my thesis. I will make some interpretivisim to measure the significance of domestic force. This will supply me a good feedback about the domestic force and the trust in the constabulary and Criminal Justice System. These inquirers will supply me some quantitative informations. In order to acquire replies that are representative and non-biased these inquirers will be given to randomly selected adult females. The qualitative consequence that I have gained from the interviews will be used in two ways. First of all I will compare them to the secondary information which is the theory facet of the research. Second I will compare the questionnaire consequences ( pattern ) . Through comparing these informations I will analyze the positions on domestic force. As the consequences that are gained through the interviews will be qualitative, which means these statistics will give me an chance to analyze the consequences in order to make some charts, graphs and pies. As I worked as an translator and a instance worker at the Coventry Refugee Centre it is easy for me to entree into the Centre and acquire the support that I need. I have decided to take my participant through my work experience topographic point, because my subject is based on civilization consequence on domestic force and there are many adult females who been victims of domestic force in their place states. I will hopefully make my inte rview at the Refugee Centre and I will inform my participants that everything that they say throughout the interview will be confidential and that no 1 will be allowed to see the replies that they have given in the questionnaires. However there are some troubles to make this interview for illustration some of the participants may non talk English. Therefore I will besides seek to set up an translator for them where needed in order to complete my research proposal. Cultural issues Researching about domestic force is non easy. While I am making my research there are several ethical issues which I need to pay close attending to non to do farther hurt to the participants. For illustration some inquiry may do hurt to participants if they are asked in a certain manner. Therefore I will necessitate to plan my inquiries in a manner which my participants will non experience uncomfortable to reply them. Conducting a research on domestic force might be a nerve-racking probe. This is because the subject is a really sensitive subject as it is non psychologically easy for people to speak about their tragic experiences. Therefore this survey might do possible or farther hurting and injury to the person who have or still sing maltreatment by reminding them events that they do non wish to retrieve. It may besides expose implying information and expose single to put on the line. Consequently I need to be to the full prepared to cover with the likely effects of the research. Fo r illustration the effects of my research on participants on their households and on the research workers themselves ( conductivity such research may be straitening ) may be defeated by a debriefing session at the terminal of the research. In this debriefing session participants will be able to talk to professional head-shrinkers about their experience within the research. During this session participants can discourse any peculiar concerns they have about the research. Another illustration of a sensitive issue is false memory and cured memory. This is a argument which has been traveling on over the past 20 old ages. A celebrated memory psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has written about the cogency of cured memories of childhood maltreatment. Harmonizing o Loftus s surveies these memories normally come to visible radiation merely after curative Sessionss with people who use techniques such as guided imagination to research early life experience. This domestic force research is socially sensitive because there are possible effects for people who have claimed to hold recovered memories and for their households. Therefore to finish my research I need to see including some cultural guidelines papers. I will subscribe this papers and included in my proposal to province that I have tried to cover with ethical issues every bit best as I could. Besides the inquiries that I will inquire during the interview have to be approved by my coach. I will besides inquire my participants to subscribe a consent signifier which will province that the interviews done are wholly confidentially and that they are willing to take portion in this research. Data that will be collected through the interviews will be confidential therefore I will be maintaining this information with me at all times until my research is complete and I will non allow anyone else to see it. I will be covering with adult female with cultural positions, being sensitive to other civilizations is easier said than done. Cultural sensitiveness has nil to with the art and music of a civilization and about everything to make with regard, shared determination devising and effectual communicating. Too frequently researches ignore these values, the life manner and the cognitive and affectional universe of the topic. soz jus on the phone to ma adult male. bu mom cwk is on my laptop n im on my personal computer bu jus write bou wha research method u gna usage like for mine im doin instance stdies n interviews n lyk u gta say whether u gna usage qualitative method or quantitative methods n why u utilizing those methods das it reallyysoz jus on the phone to ma adult male. bu mom cwk is on my laptop n im on my personal computer bu jus write bou wha research method u gna usage like for mine im doin instance stdies n interviews n lyk u gta say whether u gna usage qualitative method or qu antitative methods n why u utilizing those methods das it truly Contemplation I have learnt excessively many things about the research method and technique that are used in it. Having completed this research that is based on civilization consequence on domestic force improved my statement accomplishments in a paper. Through utilizing and roll uping informations and with illustration of statistics my statements have become much better than how it was used to be. My researching accomplishments besides improved in a positive manner during this research proposal. In old researches for my survey I used to acquire stuck on how to garner information but now I am able to utilize mostly different resources I can now understand the subject more widely and it besides helps me to do a better statement. In my sentiment this research is my best research paper that I have done in my life. The class that I will acquire for it might non demo a good class but what I learned from it will profit me for my hereafter researches. I spent approximately two yearss merely for making the existent research. It will be utile for the following twelvemonth when it come to the thesis by utilizing these new techniques that I have learnt from this research proposal, hopefully so I will be able to set my points across more efficaciously and clearly. How to compose a research proposal will profit me in future lessons in my life. Due to the experience that I have gained while fixing this proposal I will be able to give good illustrations about the subjects that I will be fixing a proposal for in my hereafter academic life. I will besides be able to give and make a better statements and counter-arguments in my future research proposal. To make my thesis I have to remain focus on my chosen subject in order to finish it by utilizing different accomplishments that I have learned from this research proposal.

SPECIAL SEGREGATED SCHOOLING CONTINUES TO ISOLATE PEOPLE WITH Essay

SPECIAL SEGREGATED SCHOOLING CONTINUES TO ISOLATE PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES FROM MAINSTREAM OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE. CRITICALLY DISCUSS - Essay Example With Porter (2001) appreciating the diversity in definition of children with disabilities, the definition by National Council of Education Research and Training, NCERT (2006, p.2), includes those with physical challenges in intellect, hearing, vision and locomotion together with victims of social conflicts and natural catastrophes, street children and those that would be extremely deprived socially and economically. Scholars have linked their lower participation in the national workforce largely to exclusion from educational systems which yields poverty and dependence among these persons, causing them to live in isolation, despair and neglect. This paper looks at the effect of segregated schooling in isolating people living with disabilities from the economic and social opportunities in the society. Indeed, specialised segregated schooling isolates people living with disabilities from tapping into the mainstream of economic and social life. Taking the Irish context as an example, its schooling system was segregated and separated for pupils considered as handicapped as early as in the 1950s with pupils being excluded from regular school setting to specialised schools (Winter & O’Raw 2010, p.6). But due to international influence, this system was slowly scrapped off with an inclusive education system being adopted albeit some portions of the specialised schools were maintained. The World Health Organisation, WHO (2011) notes that even in countries where enrolment to primary schools are high like in Eastern Europe, a large portion of children living with disabilities fail to attend schools. As of 2002, the rates of their enrolment stood at 59%, 58% and 81% as compared to 93%, 97% and 96% among the normal children in Romania, Moldova and Bulgaria respectively. According to the National Disability Authority (2011), in Ireland, 64% of

Primark and the 5 Gaps Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Primark and the 5 Gaps Model - Essay Example Primark is famous because they sell their items of clothing at budget end prices of the market. This is the main reason of success of Primark as they supply their sources cheaply. The clothing they have is of simple fabrics and designs. Sizes of the clothes are of the standards sizes and they make it in bulks with different types of varieties (About us- Primark, 2010). These are some of the brands of Primark (About us- Primark, 2010): Atmosphere — Women wear/footwear Active - menswear Backswing - Women and men’s sportswear Butler & Webb — formal menswear Cedar wood State — casual menswear Denim Co. — women wear, casual men's and children’s wear Early Days — baby wear (newborn-23mnths) Essentials - basic cheaper items Girl 2 Girl — young girls wear (2yrs-7yrs) Limited Edition — women wear Competitors of Primark The main competitors of Primark are all the fashion retail stores such as Marks and Spencer, John and Lewis, Zara ’s and other such brand retail stores. The difference between Primark and its competitors are that Primark has adopted a low cost strategy in fashion retailing and its competitors are high priced. ... The type of services provided by the organisation is at times very difficult to measure as service is an intangible thing (Wisniewski, 2001). There have been many definitions discussed on the term service quality and the most common ones are the service quality is the meeting of the expectation of the needs of the customers (Lewis and Mitchell, 1990). It should be strongly adhered by all organisations that they should constantly work upon improving their service quality so that they can attain a large customer base. The type of services provided by the organisation has to be valued against the perceived service by the customer. In other words it is the difference between the expectations of a customer of the service and the perceived service (Asubonteng et al., 1996). All service organisations need to match up to the expectation level of the customers so that they have a good perception level of the organisation. If the customers have expected vey high and the performance is not up t o the level, then dissatisfaction is observed from the customer (Parasuraman et al., 1985). Organisations need to constantly work upon improving their standards of service delivery so that they can attain a high level of customer satisfaction from their valuable customers (Dotchin and Oakland, 1994). Reasons for Primark’s Success In the midst of high competition in the fashion retail market, Primark has successfully managed to overcome their tough competitors such as Marks & Spencer, John & Lewis and other such fashion retail stores. The reasons for Primark’s success are as follows: Primark implemented the low cost strategy in their organisation and this strategy worked perfectly for them. In the time periods of high inflation, everyone has to work upon their budgets; they cannot

We Are the World Essay Example for Free

We Are the World Essay In his extended metaphor, â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave,† Plato describes a conversation between his brother, Glaucon, and Socrates about the difficulty of understanding reality. Behind these prisoners are puppeteers who hold a puppet-show using the shadows of the fire behind them. The prisoners can only see the shadows casted by the puppeteers and they can only hear the sound of echoes from behind. For their whole lives, they are only accustomed to see these shadows in the shape of fake objects such as trees and animals. One of the prisoners is released from the chain and he experiences a whole new world that he has never encountered before. What he had thought was a tree was no longer the same tree that he had known before.There, he is exposed to sunlight and reality hits him. In this allegory, the prisoners represent people in society. This inlalcludes all people, no malaatter what race they are, what social class they are in, and also what gender they are. We are locked in the cave and we are the ones who can only see what is shown on the wall, unless we open the the our eyes to new experiences. Similarly to prisoner that was blinded the the by the strong light outside, we also need to challenge ourselves to new ideas and maybe be blinded by the light to see a new view In Abercrombie’s words, the man only had the schema of what was shown on the cave wall, which caused him to have a very limited storehouse of knowledge.

My Grandparent’s House Essays -- Personal Narrative

My Grandparent’s House It was another summer at my grandparent’s house that I woke up to one sunny Saturday morning. The smell of eggs, bacon, and tortillas was a greeting to the home-cooked breakfast I could sense as I lie in the bedroom still lightly dreaming. I could hear my grandpa in the distance, chopping wood for the stove my grandma was cooking with. Very old fashioned my grandparents were, convincing me to become more independent, I always enjoyed their company. It was a summer where I would be taught the value of wisdom and of the people I love. Though the past summer at my grandparent’s place was pretty much the same, I didn’t understand the words and talks my grandparents would have with me. At such a young age I wasn’t able to account for everything they had said or appreciate what they had to say, but this particular summer was different. My cousins were about the same age I was and had only live half a mile away from my grandparents. As I quickly did my chores, I could see three of my cousins walking down an old dirt road form their house. When they reached the porch I was just about finished packing my water bottle along with my peanut butter and jelly sandwich. I opened the door finding my cousins outside replying â€Å"Hey Kev! How are you?† As we started our walk towards the creek behind my grandparent’s house, I looked back and saw my grandmother frowning, knowing that we were going to use the rest of the day to our own content. Becoming full of excitement, one of my cousins yelled â€Å"last one to the creek is a rotten egg!† as everyone dashed towards the wash. As midsummer approached, our rendezvous at the creek became an even more popular event for more of relatives to join in on. At certain times, there were as many as 15 of us down at the creek laughing, running around, and splashing each other with the cold refreshing water containing a sweet scent from the near by willows. I still remember my grandma’s dogs barking and running after the little kids. I could feel the squishy sand between my toes and hear the trickling of the water brushing against the grass. We followed the creek and it led through a small pond where we swam in. We were having so much fun that we didn’t see that it was getting late as the sun sat gleaming, sinking beneath the horizon, giving one last wave bef... ... the time spent with people you love and those who love you because life isn’t very long for anyone to not regret spending time with your loved ones. Here's one of my favorite songs by the Smashing Pumpkins: {rotten apples} dirty your face with longing and grace, God-given suffer her heart, and love her when your love goes unrequited Where the cool winds blow, I must surely go For my love calls me lo, drag her from the depths of my soul When will I see her again? The other side of friends The darkened clouds of death The empty-breathed desire Dirty your face with longing and grace, God-given Suffer her heart, and love her when your love goes unrequited Restless in my speech And ruthless in my teach So vacant in my breach, I drive the dirt of her garden Sorrow She'll never listen again No other lovers to bend Just rotten apples to eat Slathered yellow distant scorn Dirty your face with longing and grace, God-given Suffer her heart and love her when your love goes unrequited Life just fades away Purity just begs Dust to dust we're wired into Sadness

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 22

Balanced Very Carefully, As If the Whole Thing Might Topple When the Heater Vents Begin to Blow Later This Fall From the basement, I hear my dad say, â€Å"It goes right here, on this table.† Three sets of footsteps are moving across the family-room floor, and soon I hear something heavy being set down. After fifteen minutes or so, the sounds of college football explode through the floor above – big bands playing, drums galore, fight songs being sung – and I realize my father has replaced the family-room television. I hear the deliverymen's footsteps exit, and then Dad increases the volume so I can hear every play call the commentators make, even though I am in the basement and the basement door is shut. I don't follow college football, so I don't really know the players or the teams being discussed. I do some curls and simply listen, secretly hoping Dad will come down into the basement, tell me about the new television, and ask me to watch the game with him. But he doesn't. Suddenly, maybe a half hour after the deliverymen leave, the volume is turned down, and I hear Mom ask, â€Å"What the hell is this?† â€Å"It's a high-definition television with surround sound,† my father replies. â€Å"No, that is a movie screen, and – â€Å" â€Å"Jeanie – â€Å" â€Å"Don't you ‘Jeanie' me.† â€Å"I work hard for our money, and I won't have you telling me how to spend it!† â€Å"Patrick, it's ridiculous. It doesn't even fit on the end table. How much did you pay for that?† â€Å"Never mind.† â€Å"You smashed the old television just so you could buy a bigger one, didn't you?† â€Å"Jesus Christ, Jeanie. Will you please stop bitching at me for once?† â€Å"We're on a budget. We agreed – â€Å" â€Å"Oh. Okay. We're on a budget.† â€Å"We agreed that – â€Å" â€Å"We have money to feed Pat. We have money to buy Pat a new wardrobe. We have money to buy Pat a home gym. We have money for Pat's medications. Well then, the way I see it, we have money for a new fucking television set too.† I hear my mother's footsteps exit the family room. Just before my father turns up the game again, I hear her stomp up the steps to her bedroom, where I know she will cry because my father has cursed at her again. And it's my fault their money is stretched. I feel awful. I do sit-ups on the Stomach Master 6000 until it is time to run with Tiffany. When I finally go upstairs, I see that Dad's television set is one of those new flat-screen models they advertised when we watched the Eagles play Houston, and it is literally almost the size of our dining-room table. It's huge; only the center third rests on the end table, making it look as if it is balanced very carefully, as if the whole thing might topple when the heater vents begin to blow later this fall. Even still, while I do feel bad about Mom, I have to admit that the picture quality is excellent and the speakers set up on stands behind the couch fill the house with sound, making it seem as though the college football game is being played in our family room – and I start to look forward to watching the Eagles on the new set, thinking the players will almost appear life-size. I stand behind the couch for a second, admiring my father's new television, hoping he will acknowledge my presence. I even say, â€Å"Dad, did you get a new television?† But he doesn't answer me. He is mad at my mom for questioning his purchase, so now he will sulk. He will not talk to anyone for the rest of the day, I know from experience, so I leave the house and find Tiffany jogging up and down the street. Tiffany and I run together, but we do not talk. When I return home, Tiffany keeps jogging without even saying goodbye, and as I jog up the driveway to the back door, Mother's car is gone.

10 Interesting Facts About Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela will forever be remembered for the key role he played in dismantling South Africa’s system of racial apartheid. The activist and politician, who died on Dec. 5, 2013, at the age of 95, became an international symbol of peace and tolerance. While Mandela is a household name across the globe and hes been immortalized in motion pictures documentaries and books, many aspects of his life aren’t particularly well known to the American public. This list of interesting facts about Mandela’s life help to illuminate Mandela, the man. Discover the impact his father’s death from lung cancer had on him as a youth or  why Mandela, a good student in spite of his humble origins, was expelled from university. Born July 18, 1918, Mandela’s birth name was Rolihlahla Mandela. According to Biography.com, â€Å"Rolihlahla† is often translated as â€Å"troublemaker† in the Xhosa language, but strictly translated, the word means â€Å"pulling the branch of a tree.† In grade school, a teacher gave Mandela the Western first  name of â€Å"Nelson.†The death of Mandela’s father from lung cancer was a huge turning point in his life. It resulted in the then 9-year-old’s adoption by Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo of the Thembu people, which resulted in Mandela leaving the small village he’d grown up in, Qunu, to travel to the chief’s palatial home in Thembuland. The adoption also allowed Mandela to pursue his education at institutions such as the Clarkebury Boarding Institute and Wesleyan College. Mandela, the first in his family to attend school, proved not only to be a good student, but also a good boxer and track runner.Mandela pursued a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University College of Fort Hare but was expelled from the institution because of his role in student activism. This news upset Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo, who ordered Mandela to return to school and renounce his actions. The chief also threatened Mandela with an  arranged marriage, causing him to flee to Johannesburg with his cousin and pursue a career on his own.Mandela suffered the losses of two close family members while imprisoned. His mother died in 1968 and his eldest son, Thembi, died the following year. Mandela wasn’t permitted to pay his respects at their funerals.Although many people associate Mandela with his ex-wife Winnie, Mandela actually married three times. His first marriage, in 1944, was to a nurse named Evelyn Mase, with whom he fathered two sons and two daughters. One daughter died as a baby. Mandela and Mase split in 1955, formally divorcing three years later. Mandela married social worker Winnie Madikizela in 1958, fathe ring two daughters with her. They divorced six years after Mandela’s release from prison for his anti-apartheid activism. When he turned 80 years old in 1998, Mandela married his last wife, Graà §a Machel.While in prison from 1962 to 1990, Mandela wrote a secret autobiography. The contents of his prison writings were published as a book called Long Walk to Freedom in 1994.Mandela reportedly received at least three offers to be set free from prison. However, he declined each time because he was offered his freedom on the condition that he reject his earlier activism in some way.Mandela voted the first time ever in 1994. On May 10 of that year, Mandela became South Africa’s first black elected president. He was 77 at the time.Mandela not only fought against racial apartheid but also raised awareness about AIDS, a virus that has ravaged scores of Africans. Mandela’s own son, Makgatho, died from complications of the virus in 2005.Four years before Mandela’s death, South Africa would observe a holiday in the activist’s honor. Mandela Day, celebrated on his birthday, July 18, marks a time for people in and outside of South Africa to serve charitable groups and to work towards world peace.